tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27363057953718917302024-03-05T02:49:36.699-08:00Ma SoleilUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2736305795371891730.post-31521258234865594362016-10-26T22:20:00.002-07:002016-10-26T22:26:51.378-07:00QD-Dye Hybrids for Liquid Junction Solar Cells<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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optimization studies in general. Since after the seminal paper by O´Regan and
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flooded with enormous findings investigating the working mechanisms, designing
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The following shows a preliminary result and an
overview of the current investigations on quantum dot and dye hybrid solar cells
utilizing liquid electrolytes and their implications in the field of energy
conversion. Dye sensitized solar cells have already developed into modules as
low cost alternatives in harvesting light from the sun. It is far from the
reach to the theoretical limit waiting for a novel approach and/or materials
coming into the breakthrough. A possible means is employing nanocrystals
absorbing light in the remaining region of the solar spectra other than the
dyes harvest light. Quantum dots can thus be good candidates harnessing in the
visible and near infrared regions. Typically, CdS, CdSe, AgS, PbS and PbSe
quantum dots synthesized by robust methods colloidally or through the
successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction are shown coupled with dyes to
improve cell performance.<br />
<img src="webkit-fake-url://20502f28-aac2-4b48-aac6-3d25924d6418/application.pdf" /><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXLEsNxAWkrkNx1te1hUSS-wgvAV0N7lb9EQUBECIMRoFFBMjmNzIskuiaCIRcbxPGqLgTcL8coWYEjY5TO7e0Npe_OtChAhhpiD73SQKtwZjNASPBYBhjP6cFHjeouI7gfLfVFAMDN4Y/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-10-27+at+12.26.01+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXLEsNxAWkrkNx1te1hUSS-wgvAV0N7lb9EQUBECIMRoFFBMjmNzIskuiaCIRcbxPGqLgTcL8coWYEjY5TO7e0Npe_OtChAhhpiD73SQKtwZjNASPBYBhjP6cFHjeouI7gfLfVFAMDN4Y/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-10-27+at+12.26.01+AM.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<i><br /></i>
<i>Fig. 1 Proposed schematic of the hybrid solar cell</i></div>
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEHjD0-Xu5omgZfns35BfezOMB-On934hrAjO6ybMSvg7rnFVsEgBOo2rI2A0fHaoW3R0mt63dS-0P937Ry4dq3V9T5L3WPkS891N2k9m8bbxKGVFJRljUUjRvrBp-H1gE-0Ul-P80JKM/s1600/SILARDYE.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEHjD0-Xu5omgZfns35BfezOMB-On934hrAjO6ybMSvg7rnFVsEgBOo2rI2A0fHaoW3R0mt63dS-0P937Ry4dq3V9T5L3WPkS891N2k9m8bbxKGVFJRljUUjRvrBp-H1gE-0Ul-P80JKM/s400/SILARDYE.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Fig 2 JV preliminary results for QD-Dye Hybrid Solar Cells Using Cobalt-based Electrolyte</i><br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
This has been hot some years back, I don't see updates recently. You will find great articles from researchers in EPFL and others.</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Acknowledgement:</h4>
<div>
This experiment has been conducted at the Group of Palomares, ICIQ, Tarragona, Spain.</div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
Thanks to: Prof. Emilio Palomares</div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
Dr. John Clifford</div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
Dr. Aurelien Viterisi</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2736305795371891730.post-23809678684170001252016-10-26T19:42:00.002-07:002016-10-26T21:35:53.472-07:00Towards High Quality Semiconducting Nanocrystals and Surface Ligand Exchange for Solar Cell Application<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2736305795371891730" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; font-size: medium;"><b>(Taye Zewdu)</b></span></h3>
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 140%;">I) Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">As
´there is plenty of room at the bottom´ prediction, exploiting the very tiny
building blocks of unique mechanical, optical and electrical properties for
various applications have been a global trend and an active research arena of
huge investment for more than a decade. [1] Nanotechnology is a trillion dollar
worth market being explored for applications in materials, pharmaceuticals,
electronics, chemical manufacturing, aerospace science and others. Of all other
hurdles, energy has come the number one global challenge of 14 TW a year as we
approached the peak oil (Hubbert´s peak) and the end of the oil age on top of
which sustainability and environmental issues urge alternative and renewable
power sources to take stage. [2]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">Promising
enough, the clean solar- energy of the future, is showing enormous
breakthroughs a century after the demonstration of the first 1% solar cell. [3]
Depending on the materials and configurations, they can be generally classified
as inorganic, organic or hybrid under which a list of state-of-the art
technologies are systematically grouped as first, second, third and next
generation solar cells. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">Efficiency,
cost and stability determine the niche (competitiveness) of the devices
converting light into electricity in the global market. Theoretical predictions
showed that semiconducting nanocrystals could be promising in terms of efficiency
that significantly exceeds the schockley-casler limit () and the ease of
solution processing. Consequently, quantum dots, nanorods, nanowires, tetrapods
and nanocrystals of different heterostructures has been incorporated in
Schottky, dye-sensitized and bulk heterojunction solar cell configurations
(Fig. 1). However, these types of solar cells are not yet efficient enough to
show up commercially, best efficiency reported being 6%, 5.4% and 3.2% for
architectures shown in the schemes below, respectively. [4] A major limitation
is the electron mobility impeded by organic passivating ligands on the nanocrystals,
which insulate the charge transport in the interpenetrating network. This
report covers the syntheses of high quality CdSe quantum dots and tetrapods and
their respective treatments to enhance electron mobility. Later is discussed
some aspect of the optical and electrical device characterization with respect
to J-V properties, IPCE, CE and TPV and TAS results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqTaAIXv8rKsB1ruqqgOXkmYZYplR3LdZ58rn0zqHSywgbUN9ehvdaacpMqqnb2aWA_m2dQymxXTm-CS6svQ0BN_f1AJ0YaOaedYQIlAfk1f7AXuya5fR0MKpKkfOUp8eUVE5BZ6N583c/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-10-26+at+4.44.03+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqTaAIXv8rKsB1ruqqgOXkmYZYplR3LdZ58rn0zqHSywgbUN9ehvdaacpMqqnb2aWA_m2dQymxXTm-CS6svQ0BN_f1AJ0YaOaedYQIlAfk1f7AXuya5fR0MKpKkfOUp8eUVE5BZ6N583c/s400/Screen+Shot+2016-10-26+at+4.44.03+AM.png" width="400" /></a><b style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"></b></div>
<div style="display: inline !important; text-align: left;">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 140%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Syntheses and
Characterizations</span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">Optimized routes for CdSe quantum
dot and tetrapod preparation were studied at different growth times and
temperatures. Optical, TEM and XRD characterizations of typical samples were
conducted. New synthesis methods for hollow nanoparticles and ODE-Se
mediated long tetrapods were tried on
the basis of collaboration. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h3>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 140%;">CdSe quantum dots</span></i></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">The well-known rapid and hot injection synthesis was
followed in all cases with a modified recipe. Briefly,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 mM of 99.99% CdO (128.4 mg) was mixed with
6 mM of oleic acid (2 mL) and 20 mL 1-octadecene in a four-necked flask. The
mixture was degased for few minutes and heated up with a reflux until the
solution turns clear (usually around 240 <sup>o</sup>C). The Se precursor was
prepared by weighing out 118 mg of Se powder in a glove bag and dissolving in 1
mL TOP (90%) under sonication for 5 minutes in a small vial. As soon as the
Cd-oleate turns clear, the temperature was adjusted for injection and the argón
flow and heat mantle set so as to control the growth temperature which in most
cases was few degrees lower than the injection temperature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a typical synthesis where 0.34 mL of TOPSe
was injected at 250 <sup>o</sup>C, the particles were grown around 245 <sup>o</sup>C
for two minutes after which the heat mantle was quickly removed and argón flow
increased to cool the sulution fast. The cleaning was done with acetone three
times at 4000 rpm for 1hr, 30 and 10 minutes. The resulting precipitate was
dried and redispersed in chloroform for characterization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLuiuHCmPDzmA1NyZyinH5qmuJUUPK0Lfdg6wohjP5RPfRmpPeYQVrFbu9CEkO-2ujNPSDHCuPdzyYY_YMLJhAwnJo_p2gPAJ0ZKI0kfkXKRuk1oUQFgpdv6R9CGiFJiwG7J-xP8xxG_A/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-10-26+at+4.44.25+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLuiuHCmPDzmA1NyZyinH5qmuJUUPK0Lfdg6wohjP5RPfRmpPeYQVrFbu9CEkO-2ujNPSDHCuPdzyYY_YMLJhAwnJo_p2gPAJ0ZKI0kfkXKRuk1oUQFgpdv6R9CGiFJiwG7J-xP8xxG_A/s400/Screen+Shot+2016-10-26+at+4.44.25+AM.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Fig. 2
Synthesis set up</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">Quantum
dots of CdSe were synthesized at 190 <sup>o</sup>C and 250 <sup>o</sup>C
injection temperatures at different growth times of 20 sec, 1, 2 and 5 minutes.
Fig. 2 and 3 show the normalized absorbance and photoluminescence spectra of
the as-synthesized CdSe nanocrystals at respective injection temperatures. At
lower injection temperatures, the growth was relatively slower providing the
smallest quantum dots as predicted in Table 1 by the following empirical
relation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnpH3IXpp45DM260SMyaWzS5tdj6piIFQlfY-stTAu7LuD40sdDT-ztiS5nMJWwfQAS8waSsi5k-0QY0YGxvWbq0MandghgO7M9V2JQsFcdtw76Z6h1a98mFzTiwZ6hpfH0ZPboBo_Ovg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-10-26+at+4.10.51+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnpH3IXpp45DM260SMyaWzS5tdj6piIFQlfY-stTAu7LuD40sdDT-ztiS5nMJWwfQAS8waSsi5k-0QY0YGxvWbq0MandghgO7M9V2JQsFcdtw76Z6h1a98mFzTiwZ6hpfH0ZPboBo_Ovg/s400/Screen+Shot+2016-10-26+at+4.10.51+AM.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">where
D is the diameter of the nanocrystal and </span><span style="font-family: "lucida grande"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">λ</span><span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">
is the first excitonic peak (nm). The quantum dots<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>show a stock´s shift about 24 nm. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">Typical
to these syntheses is the existence of numbers of other excitonic peaks which
are favorable and an indication of the kind of crystallinity exibited. For
example, the second excitonic peak for a zinc blend structure forms a shoulder
which is characteristic to quantum dots. This could be evidenced from the XRD
data shown in Fig. x later. These several band features which are found to be
growth time and temperature dependent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">The
TEM images taken with a high contrast electron microscope show a cluster of
smaller nanocrystals of 2-3 nm in size. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc";">The
photoluminescence efficiency of the quantum dots were also measured by
calculating the quantum yield as in equation 2 below. The fluorescence quantum
yield (Φ) is the ratio of photons absorbed to photons emitted through
fluorescence. In other words the quantum yield gives the probability of the
excited state being deactivated by fluorescence rather than by another,
non-radiative mechanism such as internal conversion and vibrational relaxation.
This has been done following a guide to recording fluorescence quantum yields
using the comparative method of Grabolle et al., which involves the use of well
characterised standard samples with known ΦS values based on suitable
procedures and achievable uncertainities. Rhodamine 6G was used as standard in
these studies. The corresponding fluorescence quantum yield values are provided
in Table 1. Compared to literature values (0.3-0.85), fluorescence is the
determining deactivation mechanism in the nanocrystal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2736305795371891730" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD">Fig. 2 Optical characterization of CdSe
QDs synthesized at a) 190<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sup>o</sup>C/170
<sup>o</sup>C, b) 250 <sup>o</sup>C/230 oC and C) 300 oC/280 oC injection and
crystal growth temperatures<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Table 1 Typical characteristics of CdSe coloidal
quantum dots in 2 minute growth time<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD">Temperature (<sup>o</sup>C)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD">1st exciton peak (nm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">PL max peak (nm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD">FWHM (nm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD">Size (nm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Φ</span><span lang="ES-TRAD"> (%)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD">190/170<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">534<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.0pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">2.8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.0pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">250/230<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">544<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">569<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">30.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.0pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">3.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.0pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">*37<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD">300/280<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD">558<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD">585<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">38.21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD">3.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">The
nanocrystals show a broader PL peak at lower growth times indicating surface defect
patterns in the dynamic nucleation and growth reactions. At the shortest growth
time, blue nanocrystals of higher energy bandgap as much as xxeV were
synthesized at 190/170 oC. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<h3>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Tetrapods</span></i></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">Similar
to the quantum dot synthesis, 1mM of 99.99% CdO (128.4 mg) was mixed with 6 mM
of oleic acid (2 mL) and 20 mL 1-octadecene in a four-necked flask. The mixture
was degased for few minutes and heated up with a reflux until the solution
turns clear (usually around 250 oC). The Se precursor was prepared by weighing
out 39 mg of Se powder in a glove bag and dissolving in 1.5 mL TOP (90%) under
sonication for 5 minutes in a small vial. The TOPSe was mixed with 36 mg of
CTAB in 2 mL of toluene. As soon as the Cd-oleate turns clear, the temperature
was adjusted for injection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a typical
synthesis where 3.5 mL of TOPSe was injected at 190 oC, the particles were
grown at 170 oC for two minutes after which the heat mantle was quickly removed
and argón flow increased to cool the sulution fast. Short arm tetrapods were
synthesized using 103 mg of CdO and 32 mg of Se poder. The resulting solution
was divided into four 40mL vials in which around 2 mL of chloroform and
methanol mixture was added prior to centrifuging with approximately 20 mL of
acetone for 20 minutes. Additional cleaning was done only with acetone two
times at 4000rpm 10 minutes each. The resulting precipitate was dried and
redispersed in chloroform or hexane for characterization.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 140%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">As
in the case of the CdSe quantum dots, a matrix of temperature and time
controlled syntheses has been carried out to find the best experimental
conditions that significantly affect the nanocrystal growth. Based on an
optimized recipe, reproducibly shape-controlled tetrapods were prepared. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">The
absorption spectra of typical tetrapods is characterized by a sharp first
excitonic peak followed by a shoulder a valley at lower wave length. Peak
counts as much as eight were common in these syntheses while observing the
second excitonic peak coresponding to a wurtzite structure of the tetrapods. As
shown in Fig. 3, the peak broadens at higher growth temperature and time conditions
which could be an indication of Ostwald ripening- the evolution of an
inhomogenous structure over time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">The
flourescence of these semiconducting materials was uniquely sharper than its
quantum dot counter parts. A characteristic PL is sharp, with minimum
FWHM(about 20 nm), symetrical and with high emission. At lower growth times,
the surface trap states are predominant because of a dynamic nucleation and
growth reaction leaving incomplete covalent bonds. This can be seen from the
lagging tail on the PL peak at higher wave length.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">However,
the choice of the experimental conditions depends on what arm length and
thickness of the tetrapods is needed. In particular, long arm tetrapods are
synthesized at 190 oC while the short arm tetrapods are prepared at 300 oC with
a modified recipe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Temperature (<sup>o</sup>C)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">1st exciton peak (nm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">PL max peak (nm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">FWHM (nm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.0pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Arm length (nm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.0pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Φ</span><span lang="ES-TRAD"> (%)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">190/170<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">533<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">549<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">19.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.0pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.0pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">250/230<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">566<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">582<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">20.4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.0pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.0pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">*1.3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">300/280<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">614<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">627<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.95pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">21.9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.0pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.0pt;" valign="top" width="71"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo9Mk-LzpBh81mKBgQEmeicK5OS_C99lk_-ryxGdgvLcvZq3swTcPZ9U_btHZ6UmN52kUnFmE2dMK56RlrvOzunqaHxzdEP3niH-4PHjdVgHJVryfSzUxaHuKUI6W9HDLYeVjPchxD0fY/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-10-26+at+4.46.09+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo9Mk-LzpBh81mKBgQEmeicK5OS_C99lk_-ryxGdgvLcvZq3swTcPZ9U_btHZ6UmN52kUnFmE2dMK56RlrvOzunqaHxzdEP3niH-4PHjdVgHJVryfSzUxaHuKUI6W9HDLYeVjPchxD0fY/s400/Screen+Shot+2016-10-26+at+4.46.09+AM.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<w:LidThemeOther>ES-TRAD</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
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<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
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<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Fig. 5 XRD
of CdSe nanocrystals of QDs </span><span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">(green)
tetrapods (red)</span><span lang="ES-TRAD"> sythesized at 250 <sup>o</sup>C for 2
min </span><span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3>
<i><span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 140%;">TOP-free tetrapods</span></i></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">Normally,
tetrapods are synthesized by a rapid hot injection of TOP-Se in the presence of
CTAB. Although TOP free strategies are available for colloidal quantum dots, it
was barely applied for elongated nanocrystals. The preparation of these
´super-long tetrapods´is as follows: 1 mmol of CdO is added to 2 mL oleic acid
, and heated with stirring under inert conditions until a clear cadmium oleate
complex is formed. The solution is cooled to room temperature but 1 mL of
toluene should be added when the temperature lowers below 100 <sup>o</sup>C. This
helps the complex remain in liquid state. Similarly, equivalent amount of Se
(to Cd), is added to 20 mL of ODE and heated to 280 <sup>o</sup>C (or another
temperature depending on which the arm length and thickness is controlled).
Adding 0.1 mmol of CTAB to the prepared Cd-oleate, and injecting into the
ODE-Se adduct the synthesis is monitored at different growth times. The color
development corresponding to the particle size is found gradual which benefits
easy control of arm length and thickness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3>
<i><span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Hollow nanoparticles</span></i></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">Hollow
nanoparticles/nanocrystals are spherical nano-objects formed as a direct
consequence of a classic mechanism in metallergy- the Kirkendall effect. The
phenomenon, induced from the difference in diffusivities of atoms, is a generic
route to diverse range of hollow nanostructures reported previously; such as
ZnO, Co<sub>3</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, CoO, CoSe<sub>2</sub>, CoTe, Co<sub>2</sub>P
and Ni<sub>2</sub>P nanoparticles, for example. Hollow nanocrystals and the
method of making is recently patented by Alivisatos and co-workers. []The
underlying mechanism of hollowing has been explained by the generation of small
Kirkendall voids near interfaces as a result of different interdiffusion rates
and surface diffusion of core material along the pore surface or a direct
elapse of the material in the core.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">Very
recently, group of Wong at Rice University succeeded in developing a Kirkendell
process to synthesize CdSe hollow nanoparticles of less than 20 nm in size. The HNPs thereof were ligand
exchanged and applied in hybrid solar cell devices to study the charge transfer
reactions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">In
a typical synthesis, 2.47 g of cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate (Cd(NO3)2•4H2O, 8
mmol, purity = 99%, Sigma-Aldrich), 0.32 g of selenium powder (Se, 4 mmol,
purity = 99.999%, Sigma-Aldrich), 20 mL of 1-octadecene ("ODE",
purity = 90%, Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.15 g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide
("CTAB", 0.4 mmol, purity >99%, Sigma-Aldrich) were added to a
four-neck flask, which was then heated slowly to 190 °C at a rate of 11 °C/min.
The Cd:Se:CTAB molar ratio was 2:1:0.1. The reaction flask was kept at this
temperature for 5 min and cooled down to room temperature, resulting is a
reddish-brown cloudy liquid. The resultant solution was centrifuged to remove
the solids, resulting in a clear reddish-brown liquid. Ethanol was then added
to the reddish brown liquid to crash out the HNPs. The HNP powder was washed
several times with ethanol before being dispersed in chloroform. The synthesis
method was also performed with no CTAB, and twice and triple the original
amount of CTAB (i.e., 0 mmol, 0.8 mmol, and 1.2 mmol). </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2>
<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 140%;">III) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 140%;">Ligand Exchange Strategies</span></b></h2>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">Pyridine
Exchange</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">Presynthesized
and chloroform dispersed QDs (10 mg/mL) were added to a screw top vial with a
septum cap. The content was dried with a flow of Ar until the solvent
is completely evaporated or QDs are left a bit wet in some cases. The QDs were
redispersed with 10 mL of pyridine with a glide syringe through the septum in
the fume hood (under similar stirring and inert conditions). The ligand
exchange for quantum dots is exceptionally slow and requires controlled heating
and cooling steps. The pyridine exchange was comparatively more successful when
heating the content to not more than 100 oC for 12 hours in an oil bath while
redispersing to the same concentration so that all ligands are not evaporated
through the vent needle. The same concentration of NCs was left for additional
12 hours at room temperature and with stirring. Thereafter, few drops of
check-up sample were taken to assure the exchange has taken place and added to
5 mL hexane. A cloudy suspension means most of the pyridine exchange was
performed in which case the parent solution was filled with at least 40 mL of
hexane (until it turns cloudy) and centrifuged. The tendency of QDs capped in
pyridine ligands is to aggregate. The hexane washed precipitate is later
redissolved in chloroform to the desired concentration. This procedure was
repeated whenever the surface passivation strategy was unsuccessful (QDs remain
dissolved in the washing solvent).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">Pyridine
exchange for TPs and HNPs was relatively facile since room temperature stirring
under inert conditions of 12 hours was effective with a final hexane wash and
dispersion in pyridine:chloroform (1:9).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">Butylamine
Exchange</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">The
short amine ligand exchange of quantum dots was done following a prior pyridine
exchange; in which case 10 mL of butylamine is added to 100 mg of nanocrystals.
The content was left stirring under argon for 24 hrs at 70 <sup>o</sup>C. Nanocrystals
obtained were precipitated with acetone. The final volume redissolved in 1:9
butylamine: chloroform solution. Similarly, the TPs and HNPs were treated for
coating exchanges overnight.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD">Oleic acid<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD">Pyridine<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<h2>
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performances<o:p></o:p></span></b></h2>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">HNP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Jsc<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Voc<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.85pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">FF<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Eff<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Rs(</span></b><b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Ω</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">cm<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Rsh
(M</span></b><b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Ω</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">cm<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Pyridine<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">0.74<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">500<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: silver; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.85pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">0.15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: silver; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.85pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">193<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: silver; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.85pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">1.61<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Butylamine<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">1.83<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">649<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.85pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.85pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">0.6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.85pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">71<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.85pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="ES-TRAD" style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">1.15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td style="background: silver; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Reproducing the syntheses<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">Few
syntheses of QDs and TPs were conducted to see the reproducibility of the
routes. For the experiments carried out it turns out to be far away from the
expectations in terms of homogeneity. The full width at half máximum was almost
twice the expected values. This is bad since there will be energy transfer in
between polydispersed nanocrystals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h4>
<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";"><i>Experimental results</i></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">The
fact that these experiments are susceptible to any changes in the syntheses
conditions imposed a bottle neck in preparing nanocrystals of typical high
quality characteristics. In the course of identifying the problem, the optical
properties of the newly produced quantum dots and tetrapods were compared to
common characteristic features. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2736305795371891730" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">Observation:
Changing the volume of the flask, although a slight difference in injection
temperatures, blue-shifted the absorption peak somehow. However, the synthesis
was expected to produce QDs (abs. 540 nm) and TPs (abs. 570 nm) with FWHM
values of less than 30 and 23 nm, respectively. It should be noted though a
proper heating mantle was not used which resulted in a huge drop in temperature
(more than 100 oC) upon room temperature injection of the TOP-Se. Unlike, previous
syntheses, the Cd-oleate was a yellowish solution at injection temperature
which showed some sort of impurities in the constituting reactants. As a
result, all new reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich to the same impurity
levels as in previous syntheses at Rice.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2736305795371891730" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizyL45CBIvnl038A4Ix68G1VP8A7VwFUmOGj3Yq-xL8QwaKLGcTAbz4yTuFOgnEEt3Me7ALLZVzXNN8o0-Za5dw-VaFz3llmPB9AabJYVE1P_Yk6gmd6QREylAbGbNHjpnJo-dgdfpFrM/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-10-26+at+11.20.15+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizyL45CBIvnl038A4Ix68G1VP8A7VwFUmOGj3Yq-xL8QwaKLGcTAbz4yTuFOgnEEt3Me7ALLZVzXNN8o0-Za5dw-VaFz3llmPB9AabJYVE1P_Yk6gmd6QREylAbGbNHjpnJo-dgdfpFrM/s400/Screen+Shot+2016-10-26+at+11.20.15+PM.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";"><br /></span></div>
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<h4>
<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";"><i>Experimental results</i></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">In
this experiment, all new reagents were utilized. Temperature control was done
in-situ using adjustable thermometers. The synthesis was better in that the
Cd-oleate turned almost clear after degasing the ODE for 30 min, adding OA and
degasing for 10 min and finally heating the reaction volume to 250 <sup>o</sup>C.
The experimental conditions were well controlled and the right absorption bands
were observed while homogeneity of the sample remains unresolved. This was evident
from the fewer number of band features and the broadness of the FWHM. However,
the PL peaks were so symmetric and no evidence of surface traps at higher
growth times. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h2>
<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 140%;">VI)
Conclusion</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "bodoni svtytwo os itc tt-book"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bodoni SvtyTwo OS ITC TT-Book";">So
far, different shapes of particles were reported in literature, including,
dots, tetrapods, tripods, tear drops and even hollow nanoparticles. Further
optimization in getting highly crystalline nanocrystals is underway. Some of
the important nanostructures were such as dots and tetrapods are being
optimized to obtain the best results. However, in comparison to the the other
shapes, the tetrapods outperformed in solar cell applications owing to their
physical orientation that increases the electron mobility in the devices. No
solar cells of HNPs in DSCs are reported in literature so far. We have achieved
butylamine exchanged HNPs of higher efficiency compared to pyridine exchanged
counterparts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Acknowledgement</span></b></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<i>Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)</i></div>
<i><span lang="ES-TRAD"></span></i><br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<i><span lang="ES-TRAD">Universitat Rovira i Virgili</span></i></div>
<i><span lang="ES-TRAD">
</span><span lang="ES-TRAD"></span></i>
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<i><span lang="ES-TRAD">Rice University</span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ES-TRAD">Prof. Emilio Palomares</span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ES-TRAD">Prof. Michael S Wong</span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ES-TRAD">Suravani Gullipalli</span></i></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2736305795371891730.post-34434098050425842792016-10-20T18:10:00.000-07:002016-10-20T18:10:09.660-07:00Smallest geez alphabets inscribed on silicon wafers <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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These are possibly the smallest 'geez fidel' inscriptions your eyes have ever seen. The image has been taken using a scanning electron microscope from the cleanest facility in Spain located at Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB) in 2010.<br /><br />You can think of the area to be equivalent to the tip of your pen and this is fabricated using nano and microfabrication techniques on a silicon wafer.<br /><br /><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">Thanks to Mesfin Agidie who created the fonts in his Abinet typing software. I did the tedious task of designing each of the above alphabets point by point on a specialized patterning software which dictates the etching machine.<br /><br />Special thanks to Prof. Francesc Perez Murano and Prof. Xavier Borrisie</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2736305795371891730.post-2833955095798996632016-10-08T13:33:00.004-07:002016-10-08T15:21:11.568-07:00A New Vision for A New Ethiopia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #999999;">By</span></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #999999;">Kebour Ghenna</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">“Society in every state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one”. Thomas Paine</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">Last week someone asked me what would I say are the three immediate problems facing Ethiopia today, and how would I want them to be addressed. The following is my candid response. But first some thought about Ethiopia today. Most of you will have seen the sickening video footage of people running away from bullets and jumping into deadly ditches at the Ireecha festivities in Bishoftu, Oromya. Blame for all of this rests squarely on the Hailemariam administration, which is no longer prepared to tolerate even the truncated display of peaceful protest. It has deliberately (or not) created the conditions for a civil war to erupt. Everywhere in Oromiya today, there is mass social and political discontent directed against the ruling party. The fight against the regime now will be difficult to contain, and the resulting crisis, for better or for worse, will affect many aspects of our lives including the unity of the country. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">It’s time for Oromos, Afars, Amharas, Tigrays, Somalis, Welaytas and the rest of us, to reach consensus on the type of society we want to live in. Indeed, if we fancy modernizing our country by reforming its institutions and replace the detrimental with the constructive we need to start this debate immediately. Well-informed people know that nations do break up like empires. Sometimes the process is inevitable, sometimes precipitated by folly. EPRDF should not commit an act of folly by attempting to direct the state on its own term i.e. by force. That would not be in anybody’s interest. Instead it should conduct considerable discussion and consultation with opposition leaders and genuine community leaders to hold the country together by strengthening the democratic influence and rights of the people. There is no other alternative.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">Now, here are my eight [not three] comments [with no particular order of priority] to avoid the unwanted dismemberment of Ethiopia and move the country forward. None of these arguments are new. They have been discussed in great detail in the past twenty years.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">1. Understanding of the problem: The current problem of Ethiopia, argue EPRDF politicians, is lack of good governance; and the solution, they say, is a mix of new appointments to top positions, some recruited from within the party, others coming from outside. Even on this deceptively simple issue, agreement has apparently not come easy. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">But wait...What about the other serious problem.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">From where we stand, the most serious problem is not personnel, rather the unwillingness of EPRDF leaders to accept that citizens are truly tired of a ‘democracy’ dominated by TPLF as the leader of the EPRDF. Now that memories of the horrors of the Derg period are fading, people demand more political rights and participation. Change in personnel isn’t going to cut it. At best, it may give us people who think things are under control…ministers who believe the present system works…and that it will deliver transformation....but real change? Nope.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">The problem is that people have lost confidence in the system: a system that divide rather than unite, a system that dominate rather than liberate. Too bad the folks at EPRDF can't see this. The question to answer is what kind of nation are we building? Are we in favor of one nation, albeit with distinct identities (like Switzerland) or rather separate multiple independent nations dominated by TPLF? This issue may seem for many settled and done and printed in black and white in the constitution, but the question of how to balance the promotion of national cultures with the creation of multinational statehood was never fully resolved in Ethiopia, or anywhere in the world for that matter. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">The increasing rebellion, injuries and casualties that we all witnessed and continue to witness are the clearest early indicators of this failure. The time to reflect and engage citizens based on consultation and co-operation about holding the state of Ethiopia together is now. Fortunately despite the crisis there is still TODAY enough support within the broader public to wish to retain and nurture the unity of the state of Ethiopia. I underline TODAY, because history tells us that on such a fundamental issue opinion can change decisively over night. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">2. Commit to revising the constitution: The Constitution of “We, the nations, nationalities and the Peoples of Ethiopia...” (which is historically and ideologically rooted in TPLF cultures) is full of ambiguities, so outmoded, so dangerously ethno-nationalist that it has already created and solidified to a varying degree, distinct states, some more homogeneous (Tigray, Somali Region, Afar) than others, together with local elites that increasingly give allegiance to their ethnic state rather than the state of ‘Ethiopia’.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">Perhaps it’s time for a new political order to redefine a new Ethiopia. An Ethiopia that is negotiated among all parties of the federal state (bottom up), not on terms laid out by TPLF, but rather on terms agreed by all administratively recognized ethnic groups with equal representation regardless of size or population. It’s important for TPLF (assuming it’s committed to a multi state united Ethiopia) to immediately pledge to the revision of the constitution and facilitate the process to calling a constitutional convention. On this matter, as they say: Time is of the essence.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">3. Order the military and security forces back to their barracks: Today state repression should be unthinkable. Attempting to solve what is a political problem with force and violence will not bring a long term solution. By the way, even if the EPRDF come to re-establish a new administration say, in Oromiya and Amhara, will it really be obeyed: each village will be a nest of resistance, each former associate an enemy.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">4. Rule of Law: A good nation must abide by the Rule of Law. We need a Justice Ministry that understands the importance of rule of law and will be committed to it. There is too much injustice and disappointment in this country. Memoirs will show this Government to be the most corrupt in the history of Ethiopia. That’s why we must demand an honest and courageous Attorney General – one who would rather resign than do something anti-constitutional or sell out our nation. The first thing that needs to be done is release all political prisoners, establish an independent panel to investigate "thoroughly" the allegations of corruption in government and ‘private sector’. All those matters that demand audit and investigation should be audited and investigated. Corruption is the “first cousin” to prejudice. It limits high performance in management and fiscal excellence.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">5. Discourage ethnic based separatist parties: How can one reconcile the fact that TPLF, which is a political movement as well as an ideology of values, concepts and ideas that advocates independence for Tigray region, can at the same time root for national unity. The same can be said of the ‘puppet’ parties organized along the same logic. Clarity is in order on this issue. The fact is Ethiopia has been good for Tigray – for its economy, its openness, its culture, its visibility and its national clout; and if TPLF has not gone the ‘independence’ way it is not out of any misty-eyed Ethiopian patriotism, but because it knows that its bread is buttered in Addis Ababa. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">6. Announce new elections and reform: The recent incidents in Oromiya and Amhara regions have left Ethiopia a more divided society than ever before. The government should take responsibility for its failure to preempt the slow burning bad governance issues causing growing discontent and anger, and leading the country to a possible violent breakup. All this because of lack of space for dissent. Indeed the total absence of any opposition in parliament made proper democratic functioning impossible in the country. New legislation could not be properly tested. Committees could not fully examine their issues. Political energy got channeled away from where it could do most good. Most critically, this situation undermined public confidence in government institutions and thereby discouraged public willingness to engage fully and constructively in democratic processes. So political dialogue is definitely very important. Democracies need dialogue to resolve issues, and Ethiopia is no exception. The EPRDF should announce an independent commission to study and recommend reforms that will make the government more representative, with some form of proportional voting system that is fair and competitive. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">7. Free the Media: Ethiopia's constitution affords its citizens freedom of speech and press, but the opacity of media regulations allows authorities to crack down on news stories by claiming that they expose state secrets and endanger the country. The definition of state secrets in Ethiopia remains vague, fostering censorship (including self censorship) of any information that authorities deem harmful to their political or economic interests. The media has to be free so that government officials can be easily exposed if they abuse or misuse the power they have. Corrective action should be immediate. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">8. Issue a new ID card without ethnic identification: Here is another example reinforcing division amongst people supposedly of one nation. An immediate Must Change policy is in order.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">How can this 'movie' possibly have a happy ending? Let me just say this, each of us has a choice. We can actively participate in the great initiative to keep our country united in the interest of all the people in Ethiopia; or do nothing, and see us loose our country. As Gandhi noted: ‘The future depends on what we do in the present.’ Now, more than ever, we must uphold that responsibility. What will you do?</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2736305795371891730.post-24591064082732579262016-09-26T14:28:00.003-07:002016-10-08T15:13:55.131-07:00On Super Perovskites...<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>One morning at ICIQ:</b><br />
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The Professor came in shrieking with excitement "perovskites as* holes". The first time I came across the name and quietly looked for what they are. He lavished his thoughts 'these set of ceramics of no use are going...cracks for <i>celdas solares</i>". Later the application of perovskites in solar device fabrication, exponentially increased in efficiencies that many research groups leaped into integrating them within their architectures. However, as was the case with some other nano crystalline counterparts, stability of the cells in working conditions challenged the leaders in the field. At ICIQ, a group answers such questions as to why "cells are less efficient and/or unstable". That inspired me to diligently search for PSCs the last few years.</div>
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<b>Another Morning at ASTU:</b></div>
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I was visiting the materials engineering department at Adama Science and Technology University with colleagues. We met Prof. Kim to learn about his research activities and saw the damn book about "perovskites".</div>
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<b>One afternoon at SCBE:</b></div>
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Visiting Professor Lee from Seoul National University, gave week-long seminar on supercritical fluid technology and know-how management in industries. It happened to be one of my favorite seminars I attended. He slightly covered the opportunity of producing nano powders using SFT.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCGG2NPfLhf2bpv2vYtJYMHAe5ZJ4R1hluJ4cob5S6WuGgYytOg-9PnypDJn-ynzz7a7Ja9Lv9Pt7_j_MEqoGtJqVO9jVgubrjaDCNeNKmlE-wfAq2kjBeq0Mkm70dQCSRHzxCF57x9Ik/s1600/idea.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCGG2NPfLhf2bpv2vYtJYMHAe5ZJ4R1hluJ4cob5S6WuGgYytOg-9PnypDJn-ynzz7a7Ja9Lv9Pt7_j_MEqoGtJqVO9jVgubrjaDCNeNKmlE-wfAq2kjBeq0Mkm70dQCSRHzxCF57x9Ik/s200/idea.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Can we synthesize perovskites using the SFT?</td></tr>
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That was the beginning of Super Perovskites Project development late August, 2016. Fortunately, I was not the only one to pop this up.</div>
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To be continued...</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comHouston, TX, USA29.7604267 -95.369802828.8787477 -96.6606963 30.6421057 -94.0789093tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2736305795371891730.post-63509464846862390932013-10-20T10:11:00.001-07:002013-10-20T10:11:17.981-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a data-ft="{"tn":";"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=735343062&extragetparams=%7B%22hc_location%22%3A%22stream%22%7D" href="https://www.facebook.com/ephrem.eshete?hc_location=stream" id="js_75">Ephrem Eshete</a></h5>
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<span class="messageBody" data-ft="{"type":3,"tn":"K"}"><span class="userContent">ብዙ
ጊዜ ለልጆቻቸው ስም ማውጣት የሚፈልጉ ወላጆች፣ የልጆቻቸው ስም አፍ ላይ ሲጠሩት ደስ ደስ የሚል፣ ቢቻል ከመጽሐፍ
ቅዱስ፣ ካልሆነም፣ ከአገራችንም ቢሆን እንዲያው ያልተለመደ ቢሆን ደስ ይላቸዋል። ከእነርሱ አንዱ “ሶልያና” የሚል
ለሴቶች የሚወጣ ስም ነው። በቅርቡ አንዲት የፌስቡክ ወዳጄ “ትርጉሙ ምንድነው? የትኛው የመጽሐፍ ቅዱስ ክፍልና
ምዕራፍ ላይ ይገኛል?” ስትል አፋጠጠችኝ። መጽሐፍ ቅዱስ ላይ እንደሌለ ከነገርኳት በኋላ ትርጉሙን ግን ከየት አባቴ
ላምጣው። <br /> <br /> ብዙ ሰው ጠየቅዅ። ድጓው “ጊዜ ዕረፍታ ለሶልያና” ብሎ በጥር ስለ እመቤታችን ዕረፍት
ከሚናገረው በቀር ትርጉሙን ማግኘት አልቻልኩም ነበር። የማታ ማታ፣ መጽሐፍ ተገኝታ፣ ትርጓሜውን አበራችልኝ። ለካስ
አለቃ ኪዳነ ወልድ ክፍሌ ተርጉመውት ኖሯል። ስንት ቦታ ሳስስ የሳቸውን መዝገበ ቃላት ማየት ስችል። “ሶልያና፤
(ጽር፣ ሴሊኒ)፤ ጨረቃ፤ ድንግል ማርያም፤ ‘ጊዜ ዕረፍታ ለሶልያና’፤ (ድጓ)።” በአጭር ቃል ሶልያና ማለት ጨረቃ
እንደ ማለት ነው። የእመቤታችንም መጠሪያ ነው። ቅዱስ ያሬድ ክርስቶስ ፀሐየ ጽድቅ ስለሆነ እናቱ ደግሞ “ጨረቃ
ናት” ለማለት ተጠቅሞበት እንደሆን እንጃ። የድጓውን ሊቃውንት መጠየቅ ነው። <br /> </span></span></h5>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com